Precis:
The idea of Shaktipat is almost unknown in the West. It is an ancient
method of awakening and activating the Kundalini in the shortest
possible time. In most cases it is instantaneous and effortless.
Automatic movements in the body — ranging from jerking and making
various sounds to spontaneously assuming Hatha Yoga asanas ( I have experienced this, it is quite amazing - Stephanie)— reverse
the flow of vital fluids, which enrich and prepare the brain to receive
enlightenment. Accumulated karma is released and calmness, or inner
contentment and synchronicity with life prevail. In this groundbreaking
article, the author of Kundalini for Beginners reveals the secrets of this ancient practice.
THE SECRETS OF SHAKTIPAT
By Ravindra Kumar, Ph.D.
SHAKTI AND KUNDALINI
The
term "Shakti" is very popular today, but is usually misunderstood.
Shakti can be understood by thinking about electricity. The fan will
function as long as electricity powers it; the moment electricity is
withdrawn, it stops working and become useless. The same is true of
humans. We are alive as long as Shakti powers us. The moment Shakti
life force withdraws, we die.
When Cosmic Energy or
Universal Shakti comes into contact with Its residual Shakti, called
Kundalini, hitherto lying dormant in the individual, It awakens,
activating the sleeping Kundalini. The awakening of Kundalini is a sure
sign of active Shakti (although even in its inactive state it still
supplies the energy that keeps us alive). The individual consciously
feels the oneness of one’s own Shakti Kundalini with the Universal
Shakti, just as a drop of water feels the union when it contacts the
ocean. With the rising of the serpent power or Kundalini comes the
intuitive knowledge that there is no death. When this happens, the
inner state of the aspirant quickly changes; there is calmness, an
inner contentment, and a synchronicity with life not present before.
Accumulated karma from other lifetimes gradually loses its potency
until all karmic debt dissolves. The practitioner then experiences
Shakti active within him/her as an all-encompassing, expansive energy.
The body of the practitioner becomes the entire cosmos as the cosmos
and the practitioner complement each other. Practitioners experience a
unified, eternal flow of life force or energy circulating between them
and Universal Consciousness. The physical limits of the practitioner
now extend to the cosmic level and all distances come within his/her
reach; one's third eye is opened, so that other dimensions can be seen
and travel to higher realms becomes a reality. One begins to live fully
and become totally awake for the first time. At this level, the
Self-Realized person can do anything on earth except the Divine
processes of creation, preservation and destruction. A kind of
"mechanical switch" develops enabling the person to live either in this
world or another world, if and when one likes.
Traditionally, Kundalini energy can be awakened through three main practices:
- Asanas (yogic postures), mudras (hand positions), and pranayama (breath-control exercises)
- Grace of the Guru
- The accumulated results of devotional practices through several lifetimes.
For
the first set of practices, there are several rules to be adhered to
for the energy to rise. One has to learn unnatural yogic postures,
mudras, and breath control practices of Hatha Yoga. These may not be
easy for everyone, and having embarked on the path of learning these
postures and mudras there is no certainty how long the person will have
to practice before Kundalini rises and the person "awakes." For this
reason finding a Guru and receiving his/her grace is helpful; then
there is no need for rules or regulations.
Awakening
Kundalini through the grace of a Guru is traditionally seen as the best
and most natural way of stirring this energy. When Kundalini energy
awakens through the grace of the Guru, yogic postures, mudras, and
breath control exercises do not need to be performed in an unnatural
way. Rather, everything unfolds by itself according to the individual's
karmic history. Awakening through the grace of the Guru is sure and
quick, although finding a Guru is not so easy. When the consciousness
of the inner and the external Guru is integrated, the external or
physical Guru is not needed for awakening. Where it is not possible to
receive grace from a Guru then the first set of practices can work but
may be slower.
Using examples we can compare the three
methods of awakening. The first method is comparable to someone who
works very hard, tolerates the sun and heat of the day, working
relentlessly to earn a living. The second method is similar to
receiving great wealth from a rich person through an act of compassion.
The third method is comparable to suddenly discovering wealth on the
way home or while sitting at home, it is instant and without too much
effort. Whatever the method, those who have had successful Kundalini
Awakening can be recognized by their healthy body, happy countenance,
appearance of anahat-shabd or the "inner sound" known as AUM or WORD, beautiful, peaceful eyes, becoming an urdhvareta
or one in whom the reversal of the flow of semen has taken place or the
one who has attained the power of retaining the semen, and the
purification of body and nerves.
In my own experience, when the Kundalini
awakened I felt extra activities in my testicles, a squeezing sensation
that seemed to be directing some fluid upward to the brain through
unseen capillaries. Sexual arousal passes on to other parts of the body
as sublimated energy. There is a cooling down and an upsurge of pure
love for every one (Kumar 2000, p. 83). Swami Muktananda and Pundit
Gopi Krishna have described similar experiences in their books. Female
practitioners have reported similar experiences, for example, a college
professor and Siddha-Yoga practitioner, Karen felt energy rocket up
from the first chakra (Mooladhara) at times, causing her whole
body to vibrate and shake. In the case of Beth, from Arkansas, there
was often a sucking sensation around the cervix, as if vaginal fluid
was needed by the energy (Greenwell 1990, p. 203). Thus, whether the
person is male or female, it seems that vital sexual fluids are used to
enrich and strengthen the brain making it strong enough to receive
enlightenment.
SHAKTIPAT OR KUNDALINI MAHA-YOGA
Kundalini Maha-Yoga
is a self-proven and self-perfecting spiritual practice. The power of
Kundalini can cause an initiate to perform kriyas (automatic movements)
through the power of Kundalini itself. The force of the Kundalini is
such that the body performs these asanas unconsciously. Another name is
Siddha-yoga, or the self-proven path of meditation. In all
aspects, body, mind and intellect, Shakti uses Kundalini to perform the
meditation. The initiate is drawn into flowing with the energy and must
surrender to the process. When and how Kundalini-Shakti manifests is
the work of the divine power (Shakti) Itself. To practice
Siddha Yoga one must allow the divine power the opportunity to perform
the meditation and yogic postures without interference.
Traditionally, it is believed that without initiation it is difficult to realize the fruits of knowledge, meditation, yoga, japa (chanting), tapa (austerities), devotion, karma, and dharma (religious duties). Kundalini Maha-Yoga (Shaktipat)
as a path of initiation is different from other paths of meditation
and/or initiation, because on other paths one has to learn certain
tasks or master specific techniques. Practitioners are responsible for
doing meditation or they may have to learn about different stages in
meditation. Ceremonies may have to be performed or different yogic
postures or asanas assumed, or they may have to struggle to eject
undesirable thoughts from their mind.
In Shaktipat it is
not necessary to do any of these things. All the person has to do is
sit with a complete sense of surrender to the present moment and
experience. To achieve Shaktipat a person should be warm and welcoming
to all thoughts or emotions as they occur, allowing inner life to flow
effortlessly through the body without interference or judgement. Then,
according to the nature and state of the spiritual consciousness of
each initiate, different meditative experiences — emotional,
intellectual, or creative in nature — will occur by themselves.
In
the Shaktipat tradition, a Guru is a person who can awaken Kundalini
energy in another. The one receiving the energy from the Guru is the
initiate. A person in whose presence or by whose touch one feels inner
happiness and bliss is a Guru. In fact, one's Atman or Soul
is the real and ultimate Guru — there is none above Atman. But this
concept is too abstract for many on the spiritual path which is why
they take a physical Guru. One may adopt a Guru until the realization
of Atman (the inner Guru) takes place. Sometimes one is dissatisfied
with the Guru. There is always the freedom to choose another, but this
should only be done when following the same Guru doesn't feel right
intuitively anymore. A Guru is there to reveal and dissolve the ego,
which is never easy. Vigilance as to why there is discomfort working
with the Guru is vital, because when the ego feels threatened it will
find reasons to leave the Guru to stop any further spiritual
advancement. Just as a bee goes from one flower to another in search of
honey, a practitioner can also go from Guru to Guru in search of
knowledge but one needs to be aware that superficial flitting about
will not aid spiritual unfoldment.
In an initiation, if the
initiate does not feel inner happiness or bliss — and certainly if one
year after initiation (and having rigorously followed instructions and
been vigilant with the ego) one does not experience bliss and intuitive
knowledge — then it may be time to look for another Guru. Finding a
self-declared Guru who is ready to work for money is easy; finding an
authentic Guru is difficult.
The aspirant needs to be
prepared for the initiation, too. This means the mind and body must be
made as strong as possible. If cement is put on mud, its utility is
weak like mud; but when applied to brick, it becomes as strong as
stone. Similarly, when practitioners prepare themselves through the
training of Hatha yoga and achieve renunciation of the world before
Shaktipat initiation, they will attain a high state of spiritual
development soon after initiation. However, Gurus normally do not
insist on prior preparation. In cases where the aspirant is unprepared,
after initiation some of the Shakti is used for clarifying and
transforming the neo-initiate, strengthening the body and mind. After
being initiated, one should build better foundations for spiritual
advancement by assuming a spiritual practice of life. Yogic postures
provide physical stability, mudras give the body strength, and pranayama
or breath-control provides subtlety, cleansing the nerves and prompting
focus on the inner world. Determination and meditation provide
single-pointed-concentration on consciousness, and samadhi (inner
absorption) provides the final absorption of consciousness. The Vedanta
points out that knowledge without practical application in the form of
spiritual practice is insufficient for Self-Realization.
Building strong spiritual foundations generate in the practitioner two
qualities. First, Non-attachment, the state of controlled Chitta
(mind-stuff) containing no movement toward anything desired or away
from anything not desired. This does not mean that there is a physical
disassociation with the world, but more a sense of detachment at the
mental level breaking the cycle of desire and attachment. When this
happens, the second quality of renunciation follows. Discarding
materialistic attachment completely is renunciation. A practitioner
develops non-attachment first and then renunciation follows naturally.
Non-attachment and renunciation are the result of a meditative and
contemplative life and are the pillars for the highest good. They are
called Parmarth (for the highest good). These two are very
important for the initiate to possess, in order to experience
successful and effective Shaktipat.
To understand the
above and the suffering that arises when one hasn’t these qualities,
one has only to look at the average person and how they suffer because
of their attachment to worldly affairs. The physical body is everything
for them, and the fear of death is often paramount in their thoughts.
Little spiritual progress is made when the mind is consumed with the
fear of death. Nevertheless, by controlling the Chitta through making
it dispassionate in gradual steps, non-attachment can be achieved.
Slowly, one understands that this world is transitory, changing
constantly, and ultimately decaying. The pursuit and satisfaction of
desires cannot lead to inner happiness, since one desire leads to
another in an unending chain of dissatisfaction. Combining this
understanding with the study of spiritual literature, contemplation and
meditation, increases detachment from the objective world. This results
in corresponding gains in spiritual advancement. An initiation at this
stage can produce wonderful direct experiences with Shakti.
Also important is the relationship between the path of knowledge and
the path of yoga. Those on the path of knowledge experience yoga
(joining the Soul with Super-soul or Self-Realization) after many
lifetimes. A yogi acquires knowledge through the practice of yoga
becoming liberated in a single lifetime. Therefore Yoga is a method by
which results can be achieved in a single lifetime. Just as a monkey
jumps from one branch to another to finally reach the desired tree
laden with fruit, so the yogi moves from one chakra to another. He/she
gradually crosses the first six chakras until he/she finally arrives at
the seventh/crown center, where consciousness and prana are anchored.
At this stage the yogi acquires intuitive knowledge and liberation at
the same time. An ideal way for spiritual advancement is to pursue the
path of knowledge and the path of yoga simultaneously, as they
complement each other. This may also be the fastest way to achieve
spiritual advancement.
Awakening through a Guru is called Shaktipat.
In this method, "divine energy" passes directly from the Guru to the
initiate. The initiation can be performed in four ways: through touch,
sight, mental concentration, and a mantra. The easiest way of
understanding how these four processes work is through an example. A
bird affects the growth of the chick inside an egg by sitting on it or
touching it with its body. In the same way, the Guru awakens the power
of the disciple by his/her touch. As a fish nourishes its children
through its sight, so, the Guru passes the energy to the disciple by
his/her sight or look. As a tortoise brings out the children from the
eggs under the ground by concentration and determination, so, the Guru
awakens the energy in the disciple through mental concentration. A Guru
can also awaken the energy by speaking and passing on a mantra to the
disciple. A mantra contains the subtle seeds of divinity and is not
just a combination of words or letters. Traditionally, the divine power
of mantra is realized when it passes from the Guru to the initiate.
It is the duty of the Guru to determine the ability of the
practitioners — in terms of their prior preparation with Hatha yoga and
the degree of their faith and surrender — before initiation. The
desirable effects in the practitioner are brought forth through
Shaktipat. Once activated, Shakti will first purify and transform the
practitioner, and then the automatic movements will come into
manifestation.
Sometimes Kundalini Shakti is activated but
its manifestation takes time. Activation and manifestation are two
different things. To make Kundalini manifest either the Guru has to
impart additional Shakti or the practitioner has to engage oneself in
spiritual discipline. Inactive Shakti can be caused by a number of
reasons.
- Nervous disorders or the continuous loss of seminal fluid can cause inactivation. Energy activates quickly in a sound body.
- Since the organs and senses become weak with age, activation is faster among younger practitioners.
- Because women tend to be more in tune with their emotions, they have a greater chance of activating the energy.
- Indifference or annoyance on the part of the Guru towards the disciple can impede the process.
- High spiritual values and a pure heart trigger activation. Impurities of any kind slow the process down.
- Evil
deeds or impure thoughts such as theft, murder, or a determination to
harm someone in any way will impede the process of activation.
However,
the practitioner has no reason to worry if he/she has truly surrendered
to the Guru, since the Guru’s additional supply of energy will guide
the practitioner through. Ultimately the practitioner is responsible
for his/her own actions and intentions. Given the initiate's karmic
history, a Guru can only act as a catalyst for what is ready to be
reborn. No Guru can short circuit karma, and for this reason each
person who is intending to awaken Kundalini — either with or without a
Guru — must take the responsibility and karmic consequences of such
actions.
Sometimes Shakti may manifest more intensely,
affecting how a person behaves in public. There may be imbalances in
walking, trembling, or perhaps crying at holy places. When this
happens, the Guru should be consulted. The Guru has the power to slow
or accelerate Shakti manifestation. The practitioner should continue to
practice yoga and avoid going to public places since the transmigration of energy into non-initiates can result in automatic movements by the unknowing bystanders. This surprising experience can result in the need for hospitalization of the unprepared.
If the Guru dies there is no need to be afraid that the grace of the
Guru will be lost, since the activation of Shakti in the practitioner
is permanent and will always be a part of his/her experience. The power
comes from God since the Guru, inner Guru, Universal Consciousness, and
God are one. If the practitioner dies before the achievement of the
final result, the activated Kundalini continues in the next
incarnation. The process continues until the achievement of samadhi.
The spiritual force then merges into the cause, that is, the Soul. In
some cases the successor of the Guru, usually appointed by him/her
before his death, continues to help practitioners toward the goal.
Traditionally,
Shakti-Kundalini, when awakened, transforms the seeds of past actions
into automatic movements which results in reduced passions. The thought
currents of Chitta (mind-stuff) transform themselves from disturbing
ones to calm ones, ultimately losing their power. Similarly, the mind
is also freed of desires. The vices of lust, anger, passion,
attachment, pride, and jealousy are transcended. These vices are veils
of ignorance which delude the mind. The awakened Shakti destroys the
veil of Maya (illusion). Shakti originates in the Soul, by
which Chitta appears to be conscious and is responsible for the
creation of the veil of Maya, which when shattered, returns and
reunites with the Soul. Thus, the identification of Chitta with Soul is
broken, and with the destruction of the Chitta activity, the state of
Self-realization is attained. In this way the individual soul attains
the state of super-consciousness.
As the automatic movements
become progressively subtler, the aspirant experiences greater joy from
these movements. For example, one may experience jerking, vibrating,
rolling, or rigorous yogic postures in the beginning, with little or no
peace and bliss. In later stages vibrations become rhythmic and soft,
with experiences of light and sound and entering into trance. The
aspirant is inwardly absorbed in bliss and after the initiate’s mind
has been purified the movements disappear. The practitioner now
experiences oneness with Ultimate Reality.
Because
yoga is practiced widely and produces results felt by everyone, it is
not surprising that the personal experiences of hundreds are being
recorded as their Kundalini Shakti awakens and becomes active. Through
pranayama or meditation or through Shaktipat the inner power awakens
and the indicators described below are observed in the practitioner.
However, no two practitioners experience the same thing. The symptoms
are not permanent and their intensity is proportional to the karmic
balance of the practitioner. They fade away with acquired maturity. A
practitioner who has less karmic debt is likely to have milder
indicators than one who has more karma to work through. At the end of
the process, only the feelings of inner bliss and intuitive knowledge
are left. Everything else vanishes.
I witnessed the manifestation of kriyas
(automatic movements) at the annual conference of Kundalini Research
Network in Philadelphia in 1995 for the first time. The person was a
male practitioner from Rishikesh, India. For almost one minute he
called out the name of the holy river Ganges and made movements with
his hands, while he was seated on the ground. Immediately his movements
looked to be taken over by some invisible controller and he began to
perform various yoga postures, one after the other. Many of the
postures he performed were not ordinarily possible and he demonstrated
some pain while performing them. But the genuineness of the performance
was felt and appreciated by everyone present. As was said earlier, a
practitioner will automatically go into those movements which are
necessary for his/her development. One has no control or authority over
them. After about half-an-hour the practitioner came back to normal and
reported feeling fine. The next demonstration I saw was in India by
some practitioners in the presence of their Guru.
Here are some more examples of differing indicators of awakening:
Nan
was a college student in the Midwest in the 1960s. She had been a drug
addict, but later lived in an ashram in India where she meditated for
up to eight hours a day and did not eat much. Nan frequently
experienced kriyas such as making sounds, humming, jerking her body,
rolling around on the floor, and falling over. She said: “I experienced
twisting-snaking energy that was blissful, moving from the lower back
or base of the spine upward, that caused my body to writhe around,
moaning and groaning, twisting, swaying, falling forward or backward
and then having a sudden backward jerk of the head accompanied by the
sound of 'hum.' There was also an arching backward until falling over."
Sometimes she fell over and rolled on the ground or moved into asanas
or mudras, and once she danced in a trance of ecstasy. (Greenwell 1990,
p. 189–190)
Karen, a slim and graceful college professor
in her 40s, studied Self-Realization Fellowship courses of Yogananda
and practiced Kriya Yoga. She began Jungian analysis, and had lucid
dreams. One night she began spontaneous rapid breathing and felt like
jumping into an abyss. She saw an image of a door opening and some kind
of energy passing through her. Another time, vibrations and tremors
passed through her legs, spine, and face and she performed yoga asanas
(postures) spontaneously for about three hours. Energy streamed upwards
and vibrations shook her entire body. She felt that the energy wanted
to do things with her body that she was unable to do, and her body felt
like clay. She was pulled into extreme postures — she fell backward and
upside down, her fingers rigid; she performed a headstand; she stood up
with a full body vibration and went forward to the ground; she heard
the words "siddha yoga" and her head jerked from side to side; she had
a sense of a butterfly body living within her as if her body was its
cocoon. It seemed to break out as a new body through her back with
still wet wings beginning to unfold; an unusual breathing pattern took
over; she began growling and pawing at the floor and said, "I am a
leopard; I'm a South-American leopard." (Greenwell 1990, p. 208–209)
ORDER OF EXPERIENCES
When
the awakening of Kundalini is first experienced, the practitioner feels
that the body, mind, and prana have become powerless, since all
activities are stilled. When Kundalini receives light from Shakti, the
practitioner feels the active energy of prana in one's consciousness.
Later, one hears an internal Sound but cannot find the origin of the
Sound. When Kundalini assumes the form of nada (unstruck continuous
sound) then one begins to hear its form very faintly. Next the
practitioner begins to see divine lights that gradually take the form
of a fine flame, whereupon the nada takes the clear form of sounds from
the violin, flute, humming of bees, and other similar sounds. Finally
nada takes the form of OM or AUM, which is Brahman Itself, and then
whatever one determines comes to pass. The subtle form of OM eradicates
sin and the deeper form of OM provides liberation. All other forms of
automatic movement cease and only the sound of OM remains. One is
sightless, only the state of peacefulness and single-pointed
concentration remains. On physical death one attains the Brahma-lok or the plane of the residence of Brahman, the final achievement.
As the consciousness becomes pure one sees the Guru, Brahman, and
various demi-gods or saints clearly. One may also have visions of the
spiritual identities one is most familiar with, such as Krishna,
Buddha, Jesus, Mother Mary, formless Light, or any other
representations of pure and compassionate energy — they are seen by the
practitioner either in dreams, visions or in trance states. Their
appearance indicates successful spiritual practice. One may witness
such things while walking, sitting or in spiritual practice.
One experiences divine flavors, divine smells, and divine touches, too.
The enjoyment of worldly pleasures by people without divine knowledge
leads them to grief and suffering, while spiritually perfected
individuals receive everything to enjoy without longing and attachment
and remain ever happy.
MY OWN EXPERIENCES
I
have passed through most of the experiences described above. I wrote
about them in chronological order and gave complete details in Kundalini for Beginners.
I first saw the manifestation of Light in 1984 and the appearance of
Sound in 1987, which exists today. I have also experienced Soul-travel
to Higher Realms continually since 1987. I can vouch by my own
experiences that it is not necessary to cut oneself off from life to
achieve them. One can be successful in yoga while living a practical
conventional life. These two things are inclusive and they do not
interfere with each other. On the contrary, yoga practices generate the
energy necessary for success in the world while also enjoying life more
fully. By enjoying life's experience in full one achieves liberation
and breaks the cycle of death and rebirth, once and for all. By the
grace of God, I have received a number of initiations from respected
Gurus but I also worked as a professor of mathematics for more than 30
years. After experiencing Kundalini in 1987, I retired in order to
devote myself completely to my spiritual path in 1994.
I have seen the manifestation of kriyas
in some practitioners in the presence of the Guru. This same Guru
initiated me, although I had my Kundalini awakened many years ago. When
I asked about the purpose of this initiation (since I already had an
awakened Kundalini) the Guru told me that although my Kundalini was
awakened it was not active. The Guru passed his power into me by his
touch. For the next three days I underwent automatic movements of my
body, although the movements were gentle and rhythmic and not as
violent and varied as in the case of some beginners. I also experienced
fast and deep inhalations and exhalations accompanying the movements.
After 30 to 45 minutes of movements I would go into a trance witnessing
inner bliss and oneness with the Reality. For the rest of the day I was
filled with an inner happiness and was indifferent to the outer world.
Afterwards and for the next two weeks I had an itchy back and burning
in my spine. Gradually these symptoms disappeared.
When
Kundalini is both awakened and active for some time, and the Shaktipat
becomes stabilized in the practitioner, he/she becomes a Guru
him/herself and begins to help others raise their Kundalini. I saw that
some practitioners who had spent time preparing themselves would go
into samadhi when I touched their third eye. An Australian couple came
to see me after reading Kundalini for Beginners. The man
had been practicing Hatha Yoga and Pranayama for several years. In the
morning he came for lessons. I gave him instruction in performing
asanas and touched him. He began to perform several yogic postures
perfectly and effortlessly, which he could not do earlier. His eyes
were closed all the time, and he did not see what he was doing. After
about half-an-hour of this performance he became still and normal, and
was looking very peaceful and happy. He told me that he had some kriyas
in the past but not as intensely as that day.
Although the
art of Shaktipat is the easiest and most direct method of awakening
Kundalini, its use is uncommon and rare in the present age. The
teachings of Shaktipat had been secret, passed from mouth to ear, and
were not written. They were almost lost in antiquity. To look for a
Master, practitioners searched the Himalayan caves for many years with
little success. Nevertheless, for some, there has always been and will
continue to be the Guru-initiate Shaktipat.
WHAT HELP IS OFFERED?
The
theory of Kundalini and the Integral Path of yoga has been described in
some detail, and a practical formula has been presented in Kundalini for Beginners.
There I have given details of other worlds, discussed the power of
Soul, and have elaborated on various possible ways of achieving higher
consciousness. This book is part of a self-help program which
practitioners can follow to prepare themselves for initiation. We have
established centers in New Delhi, Copenhagen, London, and Bradenton
(Florida) for practical spiritual growth. It is advisable for
practitioners to practice the Integral Path of yoga for a period of six
months to one year. Depending on the personal progress and wishes of
the individual during this period, practitioners are accepted as
disciples for Shaktipat initiation. Suggestions from readers are very
welcome.
Acknowledgements
Thanks
are due to my wife Jytte Kumar Larsen for help in administration of the
centers. I wish to thank Jonathan Barber for editing and for assistance
in guiding practitioners. Sincere thanks are due to Margaret Dempsey
for her editing and for suggesting some useful changes. Thanks are also
due to Michael E. Tymn, book-review editor, JRPR, for comments and
suggestions.
References
Greenwell, Bonnie 1990. Energies of Transformation: A Guide to the Kundalini Process. Shakti River Press, Cupertino, CA.
Kumar, Ravindra 2000. Kundalini for Beginners. Llewellyn Worldwide Ltd., MN, U.S.A.